Malignant tumors, commonly known as cancers, are diseases that cause abnormal changes in the body's cell genes, loss of normal growth regulation, infinite proliferation, and the ability to invade and transfer. Cancer cells not only grow locally to form clots, but can also invade surrounding tissues, enter the blood vessels and lymph nodes, spread to distant organs to form transfer tissues, seriously threatening life. Malignant tumors have become a major cause of death in our population, and morbidity and mortality rates are on the rise, but with advances in early onset, early diagnosis and comprehensive therapy technologies, many malignant tumors have shifted from 'incurable' to preventable, treatable, and long-term manageable chronic diseases.
The causes of malignant tumors are complex and are the result of long-term interactions between genetic and environmental factors. The factors that cause cancer include: physical factors (ionizing radiation, ultraviolet rays), chemical factors (smoking smoke in multicolores, yellow-crowned toxins, asbestos, and so on), biological factors (infections such as hepatitis B virus, human breast cancer, EB virus, and humorous leukaemia), genetic factors (such as BRCA1/2 or cancerous mutations that increase the risk of breast cancer, ovarian cancer), poor lifestyle (such as smoking, alcohol, high-fat diets, exercise, obesity) and so on. The development of tumors is a multi-step, multi-gene alteration process involving the activation of the original cancer gene, the deletion of the cancer gene, the repair of DNA defects, etc.
Clinical manifestations of malignant tumors vary by location, type, and stage. Local manifestations include: blisters (macronutrient hardness, borderline misalignment, lack of activity), pain, bleeding, coughing, bleeding, urine, vaginal bleeding, blockage, difficulty swallowing, bowel blockage, chronic healing, fever, tumor fever, and thinning of malignancies. Different cancers have relatively specific signals: irritable coughing and sneezing in the lungs, stomach and upper abdominal pain in stomach cancer, changes in fecal and urinary habits in colorectal cancer, painless blocks in breast cancer, contagious bleeding in cervical cancer, right upper abdominal blocks in liver cancer, and so on.
Symptoms such as bone pain, headache, jaundice, and breathing difficulties can occur after a tumor is transferred. Diagnosis of malignant tumors depends on pathology, which is the established gold standard. Routes of examination include: screening for tumor markers (such as CEA, AFP, CA125); imaging (such as ultrasound, CT, magnetic resonance imaging, PET-CT) positioning and segmentation; internal imaging (such as gastrointestinal lenses, branches of the tubes), biopsy, penetrating biopsy, etc.
Pathological screening to identify the type of tumor, the degree of differentiation, molecular segmentation (such as genetic mutation testing) and providing individualized treatment. Early screening (such as low-dose CT screening for lung cancer, gastrointestinal cancer screening for digestive tract cancer, breast X-ray breast cancer, TCT screening) are key to improving the cure rate. Early physical tumors are mainly removed by rooting, followed by periodic chemotherapy; radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation to kill tumors, for use in radiation-sensitive or postoperative assistants, such as nasal and throat cancers; chemotherapy for full-body control and late treatment; targeted therapy for specific gene mutations (such as lung cancer EGFR, ALK mutation) to target cancer cells; immunotherapy (PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, CAR-T) to activate autoimmune anti-tumors, making breakthroughs in multiple tumors; endocrine therapy for hormone-dependent breast cancer, prostate cancer); Chinese medicine plays a complementary role in promoting consistency, reducing the release of chemotherapy toxicity by-reactions.
Treatment emphasizes multidisciplinary collaboration, developing individualized comprehensive programs based on tumor stages, molecular characteristics and patient physical condition. Malignant tumors are focused on prevention. Quitting smoking, a balanced diet, regular exercise, weight control, avoiding exposure to carcinogens, vaccination, prevention of infection, regular check-ups and targeted screening are key to prevention and early detection.
Patients after diagnosis should actively adhere to the regulation of treatment, adhere to follow-up check-ups, and maintain a good mood. With early diagnosis and the development of new drugs, the long-term survival rate of malignant tumors is increasing, and many late-onset patients can also survive with tumors for a long time.
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